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In situ-based assessment of soil liquefaction potential–Case study of an earth dam in Tunisia

Ikram GUETTAYA,Mohamed Ridha EL OUNI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 456-461 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0259-5

摘要： The present paper examines the evaluation of liquefaction potential of an earth dam foundation in Tunisia. The assessment of soil liquefaction was made using deterministic and probabilistic simplified procedures developed from several case histories. The data collected from the field investigation performed before and after the vibrocompaction are analyzed and the results are reported. The obtained results show that after vibrocompaction, a significant improvement of the soil resistance reduces the liquefaction potential of the sandy foundation. Indeed, in the untreated layers, the factor of safety drops below 1 which means that the soil is susceptible for liquefaction. However, in the compacted horizons, the values of exceed the unit which justifies the absence of liquefaction hazard of the foundation.

关键词： liquefaction cone penetration test (CPT) standard penetration test (SPT) vibrcompaction sand

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SPT based determination of undrained shear strength: Regression models and machine learning

Walid Khalid MBARAK, Esma Nur CINICIOGLU, Ozer CINICIOGLU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 185-198 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0591-x

摘要： The purpose of this study is the accurate prediction of undrained shear strength using Standard Penetration Test results and soil consistency indices, such as water content and Atterberg limits. With this study, along with the conventional methods of simple and multiple linear regression models, three machine learning algorithms, random forest, gradient boosting and stacked models, are developed for prediction of undrained shear strength. These models are employed on a relatively large data set from different projects around Turkey covering 230 observations. As an improvement over the available studies in literature, this study utilizes correct statistical analyses techniques on a relatively large database, such as using a train/test split on the data set to avoid overfitting of the developed models. Furthermore, the validity and consistency of the prediction results are ensured with the correct use of statistical measures like -value and cross-validation which were missing in previous studies. To compare the performances of the models developed in this study with the prior ones existing in literature, all models were applied on the test data set and their performances are evaluated in terms of the resulting root mean squared error ( ) values and coefficient of determination ( ). Accordingly, the models developed in this study demonstrate superior prediction capabilities compared to all of the prior studies. Moreover, to facilitate the use of machine learning algorithms for prediction purposes, entire source code prepared for this study and the collected data set are provided as supplements of this study.

关键词： undrained shear strength linear regression random forest gradient boosting machine learning standard penetration test

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Liquefaction prediction using support vector machine model based on cone penetration data

Pijush SAMUI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第1期页码 72-82 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0185-y

摘要： A support vector machine (SVM) model has been developed for the prediction of liquefaction susceptibility as a classification problem, which is an imperative task in earthquake engineering. This paper examines the potential of SVM model in prediction of liquefaction using actual field cone penetration test (CPT) data from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. The SVM, a novel learning machine based on statistical theory, uses structural risk minimization (SRM) induction principle to minimize the error. Using cone resistance ( ) and cyclic stress ratio ( ), model has been developed for prediction of liquefaction using SVM. Further an attempt has been made to simplify the model, requiring only two parameters ( and maximum horizontal acceleration ), for prediction of liquefaction. Further, developed SVM model has been applied to different case histories available globally and the results obtained confirm the capability of SVM model. For Chi-Chi earthquake, the model predicts with accuracy of 100%, and in the case of global data, SVM model predicts with accuracy of 89%. The effect of capacity factor ( ) on number of support vector and model accuracy has also been investigated. The study shows that SVM can be used as a practical tool for prediction of liquefaction potential, based on field CPT data.

关键词： earthquake cone penetration test liquefaction support vector machine (SVM) prediction

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Prediction of the shear wave velocity

Amoroso SARA

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第1期页码 83-92 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0234-6

摘要： The paper examines the correlations to obtain rough estimates of the shear wave velocity from non-seismic dilatometer tests (DMT) and cone penetration tests (CPT). While the direct measurement of is obviously preferable, these correlations may turn out useful in various circumstances. The experimental results at six international research sites suggest that the DMT predictions of from the parameters (material index), (horizontal stress index), (constrained modulus) are more reliable and consistent than the CPT predictions from (cone resistance), presumably because of the availability, by DMT, of the stress history index .

关键词： horizontal stress index shear wave velocity flat dilatometer test cone penetration test

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室内装饰材料的标准房间/墙角火实验研究进展

杨昀,张和平,刘激扬

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第4期页码 55-60

摘要：

标准房间/墙角火实验是一种全尺度火灾实验研究方法，主要用来研究室内装饰材料的火灾特性。介绍了ISO 9705房间/墙角火实验方法的原理和实验装置，以及国内外利用该方法对装饰材料火灾特性进行研究的进展情况，包括对材料热释放速率、烟气产生和室内火蔓延方面的研究。分析了其研究成果在室内装饰材料的分类及火灾危险性评估中的实际应用情况，并结合作者目前的工作对未来的研究内容做了一些展望。

关键词：装饰材料全尺度 ISO 9705 房间/墙角火实验

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Hollow-fiber gas penetration electrodes efficiently produce renewable synthetic fuels

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第5期页码 700-705 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0842-8

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Application of machine learning algorithms for the evaluation of seismic soil liquefaction potential

Mahmood AHMAD, Xiao-Wei TANG, Jiang-Nan QIU, Feezan AHMAD, Wen-Jing GU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期页码 490-505 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0669-5

摘要： This study investigates the performance of four machine learning (ML) algorithms to evaluate the earthquake-induced liquefaction potential of soil based on the cone penetration test field case history records using the Bayesian belief network (BBN) learning software Netica. The BBN structures that were developed by ML algorithms-K2, hill climbing (HC), tree augmented naive (TAN) Bayes, and Tabu search were adopted to perform parameter learning in Netica, thereby fixing the BBN models. The performance measure indexes, namely, overall accuracy ( ), precision, recall, , and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, were used to evaluate the training and testing BBN models’ performance and highlight the capability of the K2 and TAN Bayes models over the Tabu search and HC models. The sensitivity analysis results showed that the cone tip resistance and vertical effective stress are the most sensitive factors, whereas the mean grain size is the least sensitive factor in the prediction of seismic soil liquefaction potential. The results of this study can provide theoretical support for researchers in selecting appropriate ML algorithms and improving the predictive performance of seismic soil liquefaction potential models.

关键词： seismic soil liquefaction Bayesian belief network cone penetration test parameter learning structural learning

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Enhanced penetration strategies for transdermal delivery

Qiaofei Pan, Yinglin Yu, Dong Chen, Genlong Jiao, Xiaowen Liu

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第3期页码 378-388 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1913-1

摘要： Transdermal delivery offers several advantages in drug distribution, including convenience, painless administration, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and ease of termination. However, the natural protective barriers of the skin, such as the stratum corneum, the topmost layer of skin, limit the systemic absorption of external therapeutics via transdermal delivery. Therefore, extensive application of transdermal delivery in medical treatment has been limited. Over the past few years, many formulation strategies and physical technologies, therefore, have been developed to enhance transdermal delivery. This review summarizes various formulation strategies proposed for transdermal delivery and their application in medical treatment.

关键词： transdermal delivery stratum corneum enhanced penetration therapeutics

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Research on the ecological compensation standard of the basin pollution control project based on evolutionary

Dongbin HU, Huiwu LIU, Xiaohong CHEN, Yang CHEN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第4期页码 575-583 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0044-1

摘要： Ecological compensation is a new resource and environment management model. As one of the main areas for implementing ecological compensation policies, basin ecological compensation has become an important measure for encouraging basin pollution control projects and improving the quality of regional economic development. By applying the basic game analysis of evolutionary game theory and building an evolutionary game model with a “reward–punishment” mechanism, this paper compares the interest-related decision-making behaviors of the upstream and downstream stakeholders of basin ecological compensation. By using data on the water quality of Xiangjiang River Basin, this paper calculates the rewards and penalties in different intervals by building a parametric regression mathematical model and employing the local linear regression method. Results show that a decline in water quality should be fined RMB 925500 yuan, an improvement in water quality should be awarded RMB 1227800 yuan, and a deteriorating water quality should be severely fined RMB 5087600 yuan.

关键词： evolutionary game ecological compensation standard Xiangjiang River Basin

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Influence of short chain ceramides and lipophilic penetration enhancers on the nano-structure of stratum

Annett SCHROETER, Tanja ENGELBRECHT, Reinhard H. H. NEUBERT

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第1期页码 29-36 doi: 10.1007/s11705-013-1302-0

摘要： Oriented stratum corneum model lipid membranes were used to study the influence of the short chain ceramides (CER)[NP] and [AP] as well as the impact of the lipophilic penetration enhancer molecules oleic acid (OA) and isopropyl myristate (IPM) on the lipid nanostructure. The influence of the enhancer molecules were studied using specifically deuterated OA and IPM and neutron diffraction. H NMR spectroscopy was used to study the impact of the ceramides’ degree of order within the stratum corneum model lipid membranes. It was found that CER[NP] forms two very stable phases with high resistance against temperature increase. Phase B showed unusual hydration behavior as no water uptake of this phase was observed. The H NMR spectroscopic measurements showed that CER[NP] based ternary model system had a higher state of lamellar order in comparison to CER[AP] based lipid matrix. The studies confirmed that the short chain ceramides, particularly CER[NP], have a very high impact on the integrity of the Stratum corneum lipid bilayers. The penetration enhancer OA has not influenced the repeat distance of the model membrane based on CER[AP], and was not able to induce a phase separation in the investigated lipid matrix. However, a disorder and a fluidisation of the model membranes were observed when OA was incorporated. IPM showed the same effect but two phases (assigned as phase A and B) appeared, when IPM was used as penetration enhancer and incorporated into the model membrane. Furthermore, two arrangements of IPM were identified in phase A using deuterated IPM. A model of the nanostructure of the Stratum corneum lipid membranes is presented.

关键词： nano-structure of the stratum corneum ceramide penetration enhancer model membrane neutron diffraction ²H NMR spectroscopy

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A step forward towards a comprehensive framework for assessing liquefaction land damage vulnerability: Exploration from historical data

Mahmood AHMAD, Xiao-Wei TANG, Jiang-Nan QIU, Feezan AHMAD, Wen-Jing GU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第6期页码 1476-1491 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0670-z

摘要： The unprecedented liquefaction-related land damage during earthquakes has highlighted the need to develop a model that better interprets the liquefaction land damage vulnerability (LLDV) when determining whether liquefaction is likely to cause damage at the ground’s surface. This paper presents the development of a novel comprehensive framework based on select case history records of cone penetration tests using a Bayesian belief network (BBN) methodology to assess seismic soil liquefaction and liquefaction land damage potentials in one model. The BBN-based LLDV model is developed by integrating multi-related factors of seismic soil liquefaction and its induced hazards using a machine learning (ML) algorithm-K2 and domain knowledge (DK) data fusion methodology. Compared with the C4.5 decision tree-J48 model, naive Bayesian (NB) classifier, and BBN-K2 ML prediction methods in terms of overall accuracy and the Cohen’s kappa coefficient, the proposed BBN K2 and DK model has a better performance and provides a substitutive novel LLDV framework for characterizing the vulnerability of land to liquefaction-induced damage. The proposed model not only predicts quantitatively the seismic soil liquefaction potential and its ground damage potential probability but can also identify the main reasons and fault-finding state combinations, and the results are likely to assist in decisions on seismic risk mitigation measures for sustainable development. The proposed model is simple to perform in practice and provides a step toward a more sophisticated liquefaction risk assessment modeling. This study also interprets the BBN model sensitivity analysis and most probable explanation of seismic soil liquefied sites based on an engineering point of view.

关键词： Bayesian belief network liquefaction-induced damage potential cone penetration test soil liquefaction structural learning and domain knowledge

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Study of mechanism of activating flux increasing weld penetration of AC A-TIG welding for aluminum alloy

HUANG Yong, FAN Ding, FAN Qinghua

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第2卷第4期页码 442-447 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0076-9

摘要： When multi-component flux AF305 is used as surface activating flux for an aluminum alloy, the weld pene tration of activating flux-tungsten inert-gas (A-TIG) welding is over two times more than that of conventional TIG welding. Using A-TIG welding with the modes of alternating current (AC), direct current electrode negative (DCEN) and direct current electrode positive (DCEP), respectively, the flux differently affects weld penetration when the polarity is different. After studied the effect of compelled arc con striction on weld penetration of AC welding, it is believed that the constriction of the whole arc root is not the main mechanism that flux AF305 dramatically improves weld penetration. The penetration has a relationship with the separate distribution of slag on the weld surface. Then, an observation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an electronic data systems (EDS) analysis of slag were performed respectively. The separate distribution of slag on the weld pool during welding and the great constriction of arc spots were confirmed by TIG welding with helium shielding gas. The relationship between slag distribution and weld penetration was studied by adding aluminum powder into flux AF305 to change the distribution of slag. During welding, the separate distribution of slag on the weld pool results in the great constriction of arc spots, an increase in arc spot force, and an increase in Lorentz force within the arc and weld pool. Finally, the weld penetration is increased.

关键词： A-TIG welding surface DCEN electrode negative increase

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Standard model of knowledge representation

Wensheng YIN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第3期页码 275-288 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0372-3

摘要：

Knowledge representation is the core of artificial intelligence research. Knowledge representation methods include predicate logic, semantic network, computer programming language, database, mathematical model, graphics language, natural language, etc. To establish the intrinsic link between various knowledge representation methods, a unified knowledge representation model is necessary. According to ontology, system theory, and control theory, a standard model of knowledge representation that reflects the change of the objective world is proposed. The model is composed of input, processing, and output. This knowledge representation method is not a contradiction to the traditional knowledge representation method. It can express knowledge in terms of multivariate and multidimensional. It can also express process knowledge, and at the same time, it has a strong ability to solve problems. In addition, the standard model of knowledge representation provides a way to solve problems of non-precision and inconsistent knowledge.

关键词： knowledge representation standard model ontology system theory control theory multidimensional representation

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Overview of the quality standard research of traditional Chinese medicine

Huimin Gao, Zhimin Wang, Yujuan Li, Zhongzhi Qian

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 195-202 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0134-x

摘要： Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases for a long time in China. Due to its proven efficacy, wide applications, and low side effect, TCM has increasingly attracted worldwide attention. However, one of the biggest challenges facing the clinical practice of TCM is the uncontrollable quality. In this review, the progress of the development and the current status of quality standard as well as new quality control techniques introduced in (2010 edition), such as liquid chromatography hyphenated mass spectrometry (LC-MS), fingerprint, quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS), thin layer chromatography bio-autographic assay (TLC-BAA), and DNA molecular marker technique, are briefly overviewed.

关键词： traditional Chinese medicine quality standard quality control quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker

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A Standard for the Commissioning Process

William L. Gillis,Elizabeth A. Cudney

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第1期页码 39-51 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015006

摘要： The demand for commissioning services for new-building construction projects is experiencing rapid growth. Commissioning (Cx) is touted as being a quality-focused process for ensuring the owner’s project requirements (OPR) are met by design, final construction, and the operations of a building. To an owner this is just what is needed to receive a perfect building at occupancy. However, as many owners have realized, the Cx process does not guarantee the completed building will be what was expected. It should be pointed out that this is typically not caused by the Cx process, but the Cx process should or could have identified, in the early phases of the project, many of the issues that made it through to the completed building. There are a number of reasons why the Cx services received may not be optimal. Often it is poor communication and the transfer of knowledge between project teams. Cx should and can facilitate both communication and the transfer of knowledge from phase to phase. An adaptation of the quality function deployment (QFD) four-phase model can accomplish this by filling the gaps among the major Cx activities and provide a standard approach to the process. The four-phase model effectively links each of the Cx activities to each other and back to the OPR, providing a method for improved communication and knowledge transfer. This paper investigates some potential reasons for inconsistent Cx services, presents an argument for the need of a Cx standard, and proposes a potential standard.

关键词： construction engineering management quality commissioning